Affirmative action in higher education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Affirmative action in higher education - Essay ExampleThese points are substantial. At the other extreme, those that oppose affirmatory action advocate the repeal of the concept in its entirety. What the political process needs, in my view, is a little more compromise. It is unfortunate that a white bookman is denied her dream after working so hard for so many years. It is equally unfortunate that a racial minority is denied the opportunity to study. Both be the opportunity to study in a college or university.The conservative commentators present some valid notes. Discrimination, for instance, is wrong. Reverse discrimination punishes innocent students for the misdeeds of their predecessors. This is a difficult argument to overcome. Nonetheless, this argument seems too rigid. We dont live in a world of absolute truths. Thus, it seems to me that minor attempts to remedy decades of racial injustice are reasonable.The liberal commentators emphasize the detail that minority students are still subject to disadvantages. There are social, cultural, and economic factors which affect their performance on standard entrance examinations.

Economics and Contemporary Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Economics and Contemporary Issues - Essay ExampleBehind this struggle, health financial aid costs be skyrocketing, and two primary reasons for the increase find their roots in these equivalent two groups. Life expectancies in the country are get longer, and the aging boomers will require more health condole with for longer periods f time. Funding for the existing government health care systems is declining due to the same reasons that Social Security is facing implosion. More citizens receiving benefits are fewer citizens are paying into the system. The simple equation f higher demand -plus- lower bread and butter -plus- longer lives -equals- higher costs.Secondly, the poor, uninsured and illegal immigrants who can drive health care at any hospital are creating increased drag on a system that is already suffering. Every hospital in the country will treat any person entering its emergency wards. If the services are not paid for, the loss is applies to the bottom line, and costs increase throughout the system.A third reason for the push for Universal health care is the pragmatic opinion that in the long run it will reduce health care costs in general. If preventative care is available to everyone from birth, the result will be less-costly healthcare needs in peoples later years. Early preventative measures also lessen the magnitude f epidemics when more people are immunized and have addition to treatment, disease cannot spread so easily. (University Wire, 2001)Former US Surgeon General C. Everett Koop recently stated I think I am right when I write that all Americans have the right to healthcare, Koop said. If we agree that there is a right to healthcare, then we are also agreeing that someone must provide these rights, he said, noting that the right to healthcare is different than some other constitutional rights because it incurs a monetary cost on society. (Anand, 2000) Two year ago, in a prospect f medical- school faculty and administrators publish ed in the New England Journal f Medicine, 57 per cent said they like a single-payer universal healthcare system over either fee-for-service or managed care. Indeed, more and more doctors are now keen to work in coalitions where they learn from and fight for the needs f those whom they have traditionally considered inferiors or adversaries. (Gordon, 2000)As a result, when President Clinton ascended the podium, and declared that universal healthcare is a right which Americans shared, no one questioned where the money would mother from to fund such a huge expansion f the federal bureaucracy. This has become the clearest argument for universal healthcare, the right f all people to receive healthcare, in the form f physician visits and pharmaceuticals, regardless f their socioeconomic status. (University Wire, 2001) A person who is poor should not be precluded from the benefit f healthcare simply because he or she cannot afford it. Boomers perceive universal health care as another progr am to benefit them, and the poor / uninsured conception they were looking at a savior. The core question to answer, however, is not whether healthcare coverage is a right or not. The costs f health care are skyrocketing, and the needs f the population are increasing. The question is What is the most effective means f bringing down

A Cross-Cultural Study of British, Indian, and Portuguese College Students Essay Example for Free

A cross-cultural Study of British, Indian, and Lusitanian College Students EssayLove Styles A Cross-Cultural Study of British, Indian, and Portuguese College Students Love is a whole tone cognize to many people. Sometimes, it becomes a goal for different individuals to find their retire through different ways. Moreover, love is a feeling which helps individuals to be compassionate to different people. Hence, love is not a mysterious thing yet no one has really attempted to study such topic for its very shady concept. However, there is a study which presented varying aspects regarding love. The article Love Styles A Cross-Cultural Study of British, Indian, and Portuguese College Students.Furthermore this article provides a very pregnant understanding towards the subject of love. Therefore, as stated by the author is categorized into six different types of love. The types of love which were mentioned are Eros, Ludus and Storge which are categorized as the elemental styles of love. The secondary styles are Pragma, Mania and Agape. These are all composed of different categories which mostly provide the concept of love in the current society. Eros is known to be the romantic and passionate type of love. Ludus is known to be the game playing love. Storge is a love which is based on friendship.Pragma is meant to name the practical charitable of love. Mania is the possessive or dependent benignant of love while Agape is the unselfish kind of love. Thus, all of these kinds of love is dynamic that could interchange or develop through time (Neto, 2007). Hence, the author was able to create a study which does not focus on the concept of romantic love scarcely also the varying kinds of love in the society. Hence, in order to understand the concept of love, the author regard various culture such as the British, Portuguese and the Indians in order for to attain the accurate results of the data.In the conclusion, the author realized that the need to view love must go through a gender, pagan and psychological aspects for there are great differences in the ethnicity of varying individuals. The research question in the authors mind is definitely leaning on the concept of love through utilizing the concept of Lee on various students from India, Britain and Portugal. Hence, this is the main basis utilized by Neto in order to derive to such study. In order to get the accurate data, the author used various students of different nationalities such as Indians, British and Portuguese that shall provide different view points of the study.The study was composed of 562 individuals who are not equally divided between male and female. The results stated that different cultures of people are definitive in predicting the kind of styles of love which they make. Furthermore, the cultural perspective mainly predicts what kind of love the participants wanted to experience. Moreover, the gender of the students who participated is significant in the study. Therefore, there are studies which show that Eros is important to both genders. Hence, in the study Indians is much leaning into three secondary type of love such as Pragma, Mania and Agape (Neto, 2007).Thus, the Portuguese and British participants are much active in the Ludus kind of love. In the whole study, I view that all the information provided is very interesting. The kind of love that is be practiced by different individuals from varying countries is truly affected by the culture and environment they have experienced. Furthermore, I find it very interesting that Indians range to have a Mania style of love. Although I have learned their culture, I do not believe that Indians love style could lead into a very deep and possessive state. I have learned that although love is needed by everyone, the types of love could be different.Love is not only delimit through an Eros relationship but also through different kinds of love such as Storge or Agape. Most people see love as a se rious relationship that could end up in marriage. Friendly relationships and companionships are also love but with limitations. References Neto, F. (2007). Love Styles A Cross-Cultural Study of British, Indian, and Portuguese College Students. Journal of Comparative Family Studies. Retrieved on May 13, 2010 from http//findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_hb3248/is_200704/ai_n32226385/? tag=contentcol1

Philippine President Benigno Simeon Essay Example for Free

Philippine chairman Benigno Simeon EssayPhilippine President Benigno Simeon C. Aquino delivered his sixth State of the Nation Address on Monday, July 29, 2015 at the Batasang Pam eschewsa in front of joint session of the Upper and Lower House of the countrys Legislative Branch of Government. Some students will surely give their response paper with the Pres. SONA as part of their assignment. The State of the Nation Address (SONA) of President Benigno S. Aquino started at around 400 PM (PST) and concluded after two hours and 15 minutes. The SONA 2015 is one of the highly anticipated date of the administration, as the head of state reports his accomplishments and plans for the country. During the entire SONA, the President received a total of .. rounds of applause. President Aquino started his Sixth SONA by issuing an apology that the traditional processional walks was not made because Main Topics for DiscussionBlaming the Previous AdministrationPresident Aquino once again blamed the precedent administration of former President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo mentioning the problems he inherited during his earlier days as President such as the NBN ZTE Deal, Hello Garci controversy, questionable bank accounts of Jose Pidal, Maguindanao Massacre, MWSS Bonuses and the NFA anomalies. set off the Achievement of His Cabinet MembersThe President applauded the members of his Cabinet for an excellent jobs as members of his Daang Matuwid curriculum. He showcased the achievements of his administration in transportation and communications, tax/revenue, labor and wages, international relations, training, budget and finance, peace, tender welfare, justice, calamity and disaster preparedness, national security, economy, infrastructure, governance and reform. Pres. Aquino lauded Commissioner Kim Henares for her tax reforms mentioning the 380 cases filed against tax evaders. The collections of the BIR likewise went up to P1.3 trillion and this year 2015, the BIR collection wen t up to P1.5 trillion.Manufacturing UnemploymentPres. Aquino stated that theres a 3% average growth in the manufacturingsector from 2001-2009 but under his administration from 2010 to 2014, the manufacturing sector grew by 8%. The unemployment rate of the Philippines also dropped to 6.8% hold year and considered as the lowest ever recorded in a decade.4Ps and the Education SectorPres. Aquino highlighted the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program or 4Ps which now have 4.4 million beneficiaries from 786,523 in 2010. In 2008, there were 2.9 million egress of school youth in the country. In 2013, only 1.2 million out of school youth remained. On education sector, PNoy said that Alternative Learning System helped to ensure that even indigenous peoples and street children are not left behind. The requirements for the K to 12 programs backlogs of 66,800 classrooms, 145,827 teachers, 73.9 million textbooks already provided. For TESDA program of the disposal, studies show that 71.9% of TES DA graduates found employment right away, compared to the 28.5% recorded before.Health and Social WelfareAround 89.4 million Filipinos are already member of the Philhealth program of the national government and beginning in 2014, the poorest 40 percent of the population were treated in public hospitals for free. In social welfare, PNoy said that in the Sitio Electrification program, 25,257 sitios out of 32,441 were served.Aviation Transportation SectorIn aviation, ICAO lifted the safety concerns it imposed to the Philippines in 2013. The EU Air Safety Committee lifted the travel ban in all local carriers. For the unresolved problem on Metro Rail Transit (MRT), Aquino said plans of purchasing of new MRT train coaches.Armed Forces of the PhilippinesIn the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) modernization, the government has plan to buy 2 more C-130. There will be additional 6 landing craft utilities and 3 C-295 metier lift transport. President Aquino mentioned the PNPs project suc h as their Capability Enhancement Program of which 2,523 patrol jeeps and 577 utility vehicles were purchased.Important Bills and LegislationsPres. PNoy wish to pass the Bangsamoro canonic Law and his interest on the controversial Anti-Dynasty Law which received the loudest applause from SONA expectators. When he mentioned his interest on Anti-Dynasty Law, it received the loudest applause from SONA expectators. Panahon na para ipasa ang isang Anti-Dynasty Law. PNoy also thanked Congress and Senate for other bills and acts such as Philippine Competition Law, Sin Tax Reform Act and Responsible Parenthood Act. The president also thanked officials of the government for their contributions, sacrifice and wellspring of inspiration to the nation.He lauded Interior and Local Government Secretary Mar Roxas for his contributions to Daang Matuwid. Pres. Aquino ended his speech with the following statement Simula pa lang ito. Palakpakan Nasa unang yugto pa lang tayo ng dakilang kuwento ng samb ayanang Pilipino. Sa gabay ng Panginoong Maykapal, at sa patuloy nating pagtahak sa Daang Matuwid, lalo pang tatayog ang mga pangarap na maaabot natin. Lalo pang lalawak ang kaunlarang tinatamasa natin. Nasasainyo pong mga kamay ang direksiyon natin. Magandang gabi po sa inyong lahat, maraming salamat sa inyong lahat po.Reactions to President Aquinos SONAPresident Aquino missed so numerous important topics during his last and final SONA, the entire SONA centered on his administrations accomplishment and giving credits to his partners on his Daang Matuwid. Some of the important issues that the President failed to mention during his sixth SONA are the following, the controversial PDAF issue, the Mamasapano Massacre, the expansion of Chinese territories in the West Philippine Sea and the Freedom of Information Bill to name a few.

Israeli-Palestinian conflict and Pan-Islamic terrorism in the Middle East Essay Example for Free

Israeli-Palestinian conflict and Pan- Islamic terrorist act in the Middle East EssayBeing unique is what sets us apart from other(a)s it gives us the edge everywhere other people. Differences amongst us have been star of the most unique features God has granted human beings. One look and the differences are evident, making it clear no unrivaled is the same and no 1 will end-up in the same way. Human beings not only vary physically but also in lifestyle, culture, emotions, scene in life, and in religion. At times human set aside these differences for the greater good, for the cause of peace and prosperity, but most of the time they represent for what they hatch in plane if it be them or others life. Countless wars have been waged for the cause of besidesice, freedom and s all all overeignty over a piece of property. One dispute over a piece of the three estates known to the public is the dispute between Israel and Palestine over the Land of Israel/Palestine. Israel ites are Jews while the Palestinians are Arabs, but, this does not mean that the dispute is a ghostly one, it is solely a dispute over a 10,000 sq. mile property where both party claim rights over it. The causality for such a 60-year ancient dispute is based on the history of the land each party is trying to claim.According to the storey Guy1, historically, the ancient Jews from biblical times called their land Israel, Canaan, Judea, etc. and that in the days of the Bible God gave the land to the ancient Jews known as the Hebrews. But due to massive killings brought somewhat by the Roman Empire, Jews were agonistic to move out from their land resulting to The Diaspora. But after some years, the Palestinians settled, earning them as the majority ethnic group in the land, indeed Palestines claim the right over it.And since the Jews have returned, they also want their rights over the land given that it was granted to them by God. Both of these groups struggle to keep what they moot is theirs, by law or by nature. But the Palestinians went over board. They have inflicted intolerable pain to the world. Where Palestinians send out death threats, destroying infrastructures as well as eliminating __________________________ 1 The Israeli-Palestiniam Conflict, The memoir Guy.Retrieved June 5, 2007 from The History Guy Website. http//www. historyguy. com/israeli-palestinian_conflict. html job opportunities, and worse, destroying the lives of countless innocent souls now forever shadowed by fear. Terrorism as defined by Britannica Online2, is the magisterial use of violence to create a general climate of fear in a population and thereby to make for about a cross political objective. Many Islamic groups have arisen in different parts of the earth to spread terrorism in the scene of the planet.The Al-Qaeda, Abu Sayyaf and others are examples of the different Islamic groups present in different locations on Earth with one mission in mind, to inflict pain. Isla mic issues on terrorism have stopped the world in its tracks, as the massive killings became worse. The world became spectators as bomb after bomb set off, killing people denudation them of their right to live. The world watched in horror as the World Trade Center where many employees work, were blown off to pieces. Some were found severely injured, others were neer found under dusts and carry of debris.No one surely knows the reason for such terrorism could it be that these Palestinians want to rule the world? Or they just want to prove something? there are many speculations on the cause of the terrorism brought about by these Arabs. But a certain speculation reveals that this terrorism was started by the dispute of the Palestinians and Israelites over the piece of property. That due to this dispute over a piece of property, the Palestinians brought terrorism to the world to inflict fear and pain in order to get what they want, and eliminating those who have in their way.And a s these Palestinians see it, the only way to get what they want, and in this circumstance that piece of land, force has to be used. believe that inflicting pain and fear to the slew can weaken their decisions and give these Arabs what they want. These Palestinians truly believe that the piece of land they are fighting for is truly theirs. And they will fight for the right over it even if it takes how many lives or how much blood shall be spilled, as long as this goal is achieved.2 terrorism. (2007).In Encyclop? dia Britannica. Retrieved June 5, 2007, from Encyclop? dia Britannica Online http//www. britannica. com/eb/article-9071797 References terrorism. (2007). In Encyclop? dia Britannica. Retrieved June 5, 2007, from Encyclop? dia Britannica Online http//www. britannica. com/eb/article-9071797 The Israeli-Palestiniam Conflict, The History Guy. Retrieved June 5, 2007 from The History Guy Website.Being unique is what sets us apart from others it gives us the edge over other people. Differences amongst us have been one of the most unique features God has granted human beings. One look and the differences are evident, making it clear no one is the same and no one will end-up in the same way. Human beings not only vary physically but also in lifestyle, culture, emotions, perspective in life, and in religion. At times human set aside these differences for the greater good, for the cause of peace and prosperity, but most of the time they fight for what they believe in even if it costs them or others life.Countless wars have been waged for the cause of justice, freedom and sovereignty over a piece of property. One dispute over a piece of land known to the world is the dispute between Israel and Palestine over the Land of Israel/Palestine. Israelites are Jews while the Palestinians are Arabs, but, this does not mean that the dispute is a religious one, it is solely a dispute over a 10,000 sq. mile property where both party claim rights over it. The reason for such a 60-year old dispute is based on the history of the land each party is trying to claim.According to the History Guy1, historically, the ancient Jews from Biblical times called their land Israel, Canaan, Judea, etc. and that in the days of the Bible God gave the land to the ancient Jews known as the Hebrews. But due to massive killings brought about by the Roman Empire, Jews were forced to move out from their land resulting to The Diaspora. But after some years, the Palestinians settled, earning them as the majority ethnic group in the land, thus Palestines claim the right over it.And since the Jews have returned, they also want their rights over the land given that it was granted to them by God. Both of these groups struggle to keep what they believe is theirs, by law or by nature. But the Palestinians went over board. They have inflicted intolerable pain to the world. Where Palestinians send out death threats, destroying infrastructures as well as eliminating _______________________ ___ 1 The Israeli-Palestiniam Conflict, The History Guy.Retrieved June 5, 2007 from The History Guy Website. http//www. historyguy. com/israeli-palestinian_conflict. html job opportunities, and worse, destroying the lives of countless innocent souls now forever shadowed by fear. Terrorism as defined by Britannica Online2, is the systematic use of violence to create a general climate of fear in a population and thereby to bring about a particular political objective. Many Islamic groups have arisen in different parts of the earth to spread terrorism in the face of the planet.The Al-Qaeda, Abu Sayyaf and others are examples of the different Islamic groups present in different locations on Earth with one mission in mind, to inflict pain. Islamic issues on terrorism have stopped the world in its tracks, as the massive killings became worse. The world became spectators as bomb after bomb set off, killing people stripping them of their right to live. The world watched in horror as the Wor ld Trade Center where many employees work, were blown off to pieces. Some were found severely injured, others were never found under dusts and pile of debris.No one surely knows the reason for such terrorism could it be that these Palestinians want to rule the world? Or they just want to prove something? There are many speculations on the cause of the terrorism brought about by these Arabs. But a certain speculation reveals that this terrorism was started by the dispute of the Palestinians and Israelites over the piece of property. That due to this dispute over a piece of property, the Palestinians brought terrorism to the world to inflict fear and pain in order to get what they want, and eliminating those who stand in their way.And as these Palestinians see it, the only way to get what they want, and in this circumstance that piece of land, force has to be used. Believing that inflicting pain and fear to the masses can weaken their decisions and give these Arabs what they want. The se Palestinians truly believe that the piece of land they are fighting for is truly theirs. And they will fight for the right over it even if it takes how many lives or how much blood shall be spilled, as long as this goal is achieved. __________________________2 terrorism. (2007). In Encyclop? dia Britannica. Retrieved June 5, 2007, from Encyclop? dia Britannica Online http//www. britannica. com/eb/article-9071797 References terrorism. (2007). In Encyclop? dia Britannica. Retrieved June 5, 2007, from Encyclop? dia Britannica Online http//www. britannica. com/eb/article-9071797 The Israeli-Palestiniam Conflict, The History Guy. Retrieved June 5, 2007 from The History Guy Website. http//www. historyguy. com/israeli-palestinian_conflict. html.

The Influence And Leadership Management Essay

The Influence And Leadership Management EssayJust possessing an impressive title or position does not equate to someone macrocosm a attraction. Leadership is influencing others to follow your vision. The quality of ones leadership is measured by their associates perception of the leaders force. This perception is driven by the different characteristics and skills that a given leader has as well as the sprint they use. Which features they possess and their chosen attack go away have a direct impact on the effectiveness of their leadership. This paper go out explore the different aspects of a leaders spirit and their position in an organization and how those factors impact the levels of influence gained.It is important to make an early distinction, Leaders and managers ar not the same. Management focuses on systems and processes, organising and staffing. John Kotter in discussing what leaders authentic each(prenominal)y do describes the focus of leadership as motivating and invigorate keeping flock moving in the recompense forethought, despite obstacles to change, by appealing to rudimentary but oft untapped human needs, values, and emotions (Kotter, 1999, p. 54). There is overlap however, in that both managers and leaders must communicate the direction, but its a leader who pass on gain the commitment from colleagues to do what is needed to achieve the vision.Leadership can be furbish upred to as the process of moving a group of volume in a certain direction, and if it is to be sustainable it must be through with(p) through non-coercive means, thus by gaining influence from the group. Leaders need to effect commitment from their followers through motivation and inspiring them to achieve collective goals. Different circumstances whitethorn require leaders to use different styles. They whitethorn even behave in a different manner depending on who they are interacting with. That being interaction between a leader and a follower may be d ifferent than that between a colleague or supervisor. This is referred to as situational leadership, where thither isnt always a single progress that will recompense all tasks, or influence all followers. According to Paul Hersey and Ken Blanchard, situational leaders should be able to place much or less dialect on the task, and more or less emphasis on the relationships with the people theyre leading, depending on whats needed to get the job done undefeatedly (Blanchard Hersey, 2012). In a given situation a leader may be more commanding and tell the employee exactly what to do, and how to do it. This is often referred to as an authoritative style of leadership. In another situation the leader may try to sell their message to gain greater commitment while still giving direction and providing in chance variableation. Some sequences a participative style is the best fit, where the leader focuses on the relationships in the group and is prepared to share the character reference o f decision making. And finally, a situation may call for a leader to delegate responsibilities to their follower, and take the role of a manager and monitor progress.What style to use will depend on what Hersey and Blanchard refer to as the maturity of the individual or group. This would be the levels of k nowadaysledge, skills, and confidence that the followers have (Blanchard Hersey, 2012). If the wrong style is used a leader may be faced with failure as besides much responsibility was given to an employee with too low maturity, or being too authoritative to a follower with high maturity can damage the relationship through a lack of trust. Matching the leadership style with the appropriate maturity level (situation) is make out to success and can strengthen leader follower relationships that will sustain future success. A strengthened relationship between leaders and followers has be to be indispensable for an organisations success, as Bass argued the magnificence of this by highlighting survey results where employees favourable attitudes toward their supervisors contributed to the employees satisfaction. In turn, employees favourable attitudes toward their supervisors were usually found to be cogitate to the productivity of the work group (Bass, 1990).Stogdill (1974) argued that Leaders are born, that they posses inherent traits that make them suitable as a leader. This is referred to as trait theory. In enchiridion of leadership A survey of the literature, he observed no-hit leaders and identified skills and traits that these leaders had. It was thought that if people were selected for leadership positions who also had a combination of these traits, than they too could be great leaders if given the chance. The table below contains Stogdills findingsTraitsSkillsAdaptable to situationsAlert to social environmentAmbitious and achievement-orientatedAssertiveCooperativeDecisive inviolableDominant (desire to influence others)Energetic (high activity level )PersistentSelf-confidentTolerant of stressWilling to assume responsibilityClever (intelligent)Conceptually skilled fancifulDiplomatic and tactfulFluent in speakingKnowledgeable about group taskOrganised (administrative ability)PersuasiveSocially skilledSource Handbook of leadership A survey of the literature (Stogdill, 1947)McCall and Lombardo (1983) looked to focus on why some leaders succeed and others fail. They compiled their own list of traits for successful leaders. They argued that a leader needed to be emotionally stable and show composure in difficult situations. The leader should be calm, confident and predictable when under stress. They also byword that successful leaders were able to admit their own errors. That being prepared to own up to mistakes made, rather than focusing energy into covering up their errors. other get word skill they observed was beloved interpersonal skills. Being able to communicate clearly and persuade others without resorting to negative or coercive tactics is key to successful leadership. And finally McCall and Lombardo see a great importance in a leader possessing intellectual breadth. They describe this as being able to watch a wide range of areas, rather than having a narrow area of expertise. (McCall Lombardo, 1983)This idea that leaders are born has been challenged. Skills and traits can develop over time through life experiences such as a dramatic event, family upbringing, positive role models, work experience, education and training. These experiences can shape and alter an individuals personality. Fiedler and Garcia argue that when there is high uncertainty, or little time to think, we mainly fall back on what has worked in the past. Leaders with a large repertoire of previously successful behaviours are more likely to perform better than those who lack this fund of experience (Fiedler Garcia, 2005). This highlights both the importance of experience and decisiveness in being a leader. Most of the skills an d traits observed by Stogdill can be developed and shaped through life experiences. However, some skills and traits are more likely to be seen in leaders who are born with a particular personality, such as an extraverted personality.Leadership is a relationship between a group of people and an individual. This relationship is based on both influence and power, but like any relationship, the personalities of its members will dominate its long term success. A leaders personality must fit both the group and the situation. However, as previously referenced there are personality traits that have been consistently observed in successful leaders. Having an extraverted personality is not necessarily a requirement of a leader, just as possessing an introverted personality is not a disqualification. However, extroverts are often associated with some of Stogdills traits. Extroverts are commonly perceived as those with high levels of energy, expressive, and seek close relationships, where as in troverts are more low key and prefer privacy (Riggio, 2011). A certain personality may not guarantee one being a better leader, but what it can determine is what type of leader one may be.When we think of great leaders many of the examples would fall into the category of extroverts Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., Steve Jobs, and Bill Clinton. But they also come in the form of introverts Abraham Lincoln, Bill Gates, and Mahatma Gandhi. All these men were/are great leaders, the difference is in how they approached their position as leader, and thus the relationship in the group. In a untested-fashioned study by Psychology Today, it was found that social skills may be a better indicator of potential leadership. In the report, Ronald E. Riggio discusses misinterpreting the potential social effectiveness of an extroverts social energy. Riggio argues that if the person lacks the social skills to direct that energy, then the person will not be socially effective. Conversely, socially skille d introverts should do well in social interaction, but in a more low-key manner (Riggio, 2011).Most leadership theories in business environments are based on a transactional relationship between the manager and employee, with the manager being the leader to the employees position as follower. The transaction occurs by the leader offering a reward for the employees performance, this being a wage or bonus. To increase motivation they may pay higher incentives or increase perks.Path goal theory is based on the idea that an employees perception of what is expected regarding their effort and performance is greatly affected by a leaders behaviour. A leader helps his followers (employees) attain rewards by clearly outlining paths to goals and removing obstacles that could negatively affect the followers performance. Leaders do this by providing halt, information, and other resources which are mandatory by employees to complete the task and reach their goal. Robert theatre of operations d eveloped path goal theory and identifies two major dimensions of leadership, those being initiating structure and consideration. Initiating structure is the degree that a leader assigns tasks, specifies procedures, clarifies expectations, and schedules work to be done by their employees (House, 1971). As for consideration, House described this as the degree a leader provides a supportive environment through warmth, friendliness, helpfulness. Leaders do this by being approachable, considerate to the followers personal welfare, and when change is on the horizon, giving advanced notice (House, 1971). House argued that Leaders who initiate structure for subordinates are generally rated highly by superiors and have higher producing work groups than leaders who are low on initiating structure and that leaders who are considerate of subordinates have more satisfied employees (House, 1971). In this theory leaders are seen more as coaches who want to help their employees succeed.In the text Management ideas and actions, in contrast to transactional, Duncan offers a definition of transformational leadership as a process whereby individuals create a connection that raises the level of motivation and morality of both the leader and the follower with the primary coil goal to assist followers in attaining their maximum potential (Duncan, 1999).At the heart of transformational leadership is charisma. Sociologist Max Weber (1968) introduced the term charisma in the nineteenth century and described charismatic leadership as a non-rational form of representation. According to Weber, charisma is defined by a specifically supernatural trait that emerges in natural leaders during clock of distress (Weber, 1968). But charisma is almost more in the hands of the followers in that they must demoralise in to the leaders personality, or vision. It is the followers perception that ultimately decides whether the leader is charismatic. Rukmani argues that transformational leadership is composed of idealized influence and inspirational motivation, which serving as a charismatic role model and articulating a vision of the future that can be shared (Rukmani, et al., 2010).Each style has its place in organisations and at times a leader must be able to be both transformational and transactional at different times. During times of change in organisations, transformational leaders are required to animate the masses to share their vision. Kotter argues that motivation will be more sustainable when people are energized not by pushing them in the right direction as prevail mechanisms do but by satisfying basic human needs for achievement, a sense of belonging, recognition, self-esteem, a feeling of control over ones life, and the ability to live up to ones ideals (Kotter, 1999). For that reason, once systems are in place a transactional style is more appropriate to manage the work that now must be completed by those who have the knowledge and skills to do it.Leadership is the process of inspiring others to work hard to accomplish important tasks. Graen and Ulh-Bien (1995) intimate three approaches to leadership, which a leader can adopt for effectively leading his or her employees. These include leader-based, relationship-based, and follower-based approaches. The approaches can be used in combinations at the same time with different followers. Effective leadership requires flexibility to employ these approaches in an honest and open manner.The leader-based approach is concerned with establishing and communicating a vision for the company, inspiring the employees commitment and enhancing group cohesion. By doing so, the leader and the followers raise one another to higher levels of motivation. Entrepreneurs who are gifted leaders are extraordinarily good at turning their visions into concrete results. A drawback of this approach is that when people are highly dependent on the leader, they may follow an inappropriate vision without question. The lead er-based approach works best when there is a need for fundamental change requiring uniform direction by a charismatic leader and limited variation among followers.The relationship-based approach is based on developing vulgar trust, respect, and obligation between leader and follower, which generates influence between the parties. It emphasises building strong relationships with followers and on mutual learning and accommodation. It works best when there are different types of people with different kinds of needs who have to be managed. Relationship-based leadership can be seen as a sort of partnership between leader and follower. But, it is often time-consuming and relies on long-term relationships between particular leaders and followers.With the follower-based approach, leadership involves empowerment, coaching, facilitating, and giving up control. Accordingly, it requires the ability and motivation of the leaders followers to manage their own performance. Often, this approach m akes the most of the followers capabilities, enabling leaders to focus on other responsibilities. The follower-based approach is most effective for performing unstructured tasks, in cases of weak position power of the leader, or non-acceptance of the leader.In a business environment, the leader of the organisation may also be the founder of the company. In this case they are an enterpriser and a leader. This situation demands that the leader takes on different roles in a new organisation. It often happens that the founder entrepreneur is unable to adapt to the needs of the growing organisation. If the entrepreneur is unable to learn a new set of skills or to discharge authority, the dissembles performance can suffer. Many entrepreneurs cannot or will not break old habits in instal to learn the roles they have to play in order to develop the venture, causing the company to lose control and turn profits into losses. The main problem seems to be that all too frequently the founder is averse to lose control of the business, wanting to do everything him or herself rather than manage others, so the growth potential of the business is strictly limited by his or her personal energy and capacity. Chandler and Jansen (1992) suggest that there are three distinct leadership roles that an entrepreneur has to develop adequately. Or, which members of the entrepreneurs management team have to develop.The entrepreneurial role requires the ability to recognise and envision taking advantage of opportunity. This ability has been referred as the core of entrepreneurship and may be contingent on the entrepreneurs familiarity with the market. It can also be described as the drive to see firm creation through to fruition, which requires the willingness and capacity to offer intense and sustained effort.A second role the entrepreneur must fill is the managerial role. This requires the ability to develop programs, budgets, procedures, evaluate performance, and perform other tasks essential to implementing strategy. Individuals with strong managerial skills enjoy high levels of responsibility and authority they seek positions involving delegation and motivation. The effective manager must be competent in three areas Conceptual competence The mental ability to co-ordinate all of the organisations interests and activities, for instance, effective management of the ventures cash flow. Human competence The ability to work with, understand, and motivate other people, both individually and in groups. The manager must be able to clearly communicate the goals to be achieved and motivate others to behave in a synergistic manner. For instance, this requires the ability to delegate, manage customer and employee relationships, and exercise interpersonal skills. governmental competence The ability to enhance ones position, builds a power base, and establishes the right connections. This may be particularly important in start-up firms, because the founder must enlist the support of network members. Establishing connections with people who control important resources and possess important skills and abilities is important to the performance of the new venture.Finally there is the technical-function role. To function effectively in the technical-functional role, the entrepreneur/leader must have the ability to use the tools, procedures and techniques of a specialised field. The specific skills required are determined by the industry within which the venture operates. Consider for instance a restaurant spinoff with a strong technical entrepreneur who only has bartending experience. If such an entrepreneur is unable to develop his or her entrepreneurial and managerial role, and if there is no one else in his or her team to fulfil this, the restaurant spinoff is likely to fail. Generally, the entrepreneurial and the technical roles are of the greatest importance at the start of the business. However, in order to grow, the managerial role is of eminent im portance as well.If these roles are lacking yet the venture is determined to grow, a strong manager is needed who has the necessary knowledge and skills to fulfil these roles. But this is easier said than done. Most founders hate to step aside even though they are temperamentally unsuited to be managers. Clarysse and Moray (2004) suggest that investors have to be careful when they want to remove the founder-entrepreneur. This is because the initial team often only accepts a newcomer as a CEO once they have been convinced of the shortcomings of their friend as a boss.Business Leaders today face quaternary challenges of recruiting and retaining competent employees. In order to succeed both in reaching a common goal and creating commitment amongst their followers, a leader ability to inspire and motivate is crucial. Whether it comes naturally or developed over time, there are skills and traits that an effective leader must have in order to inspire their followers. They will need to be flexible, both for different task requirements and for the differing personalities and skills of their employees. If a leader cant influence their employees then they will have no followers so then if the leader has no followers than they really arent a leader at all. Without influence there is no leadership.