Modern Sex and How to Manage It by Hannah Witton Essay Example

Modern Sex and How to Manage It by Hannah Witton Paper Sex is an ass med universal experience; sexual desires being innate in human beings and the physicality o f sex being a constant. Although this notion may appeal to our common senses, it is naive t o believe that the Ancient Greeks experienced sex similarly to the Victorians. Cook argues, enjoy Yemen of sexual intercourse was Often a learned experience, not instinctive in human nature . 1 Indeed, it is those theorists who have revolutionized our understanding of sexuality who have done most to undermine the idea of human nature. This dissertation will explore the creation of sexual knowledge between 1870 ND 1914 in relation to the emergence and early development of sexology, the scientific study of sex. It will look at how, if at all, sexology shaped sexual experience: knowledge, attitude De, identity and behavior, while acknowledging that it is a challenging task to recover sexual behaviors from the past. A lot of emphasis is placed on sexology for its contribution to the SST dye of sex; however, it was a marginals field that did not receive large amounts of Tate notion until the interwar period. The ideas of the early sexologists were diffused into political, educational and scientific institutions and eventually into the popular sex manuals of the 1920 s which reached wider audiences. Many of their theories, the vocabulary and the categorization n systems remain the foundation even Of current studies about Between 1870 and 1914 the e frameworks in which sexuality should be understood were fought out by competing interest groups, and the grounds for the momentous sexual developments of the twentieth century w ere established. We will write a custom essay sample on Modern Sex and How to Manage It by Hannah Witton specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Modern Sex and How to Manage It by Hannah Witton specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Modern Sex and How to Manage It by Hannah Witton specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It is Cook. H, The Long Sexual Revolution (New York, 2004), p. 1 71. 3 unhelpful to dismiss nineteenth century sex manuals as insignificant because although indirectly, they have had a lasting influence. As well as being able to give us a greater understanding of our own sexualities, the study of these sex manuals gives us an insight into contemporary social concerns such as population, hygiene, morality, birth co intro and family. The first step in assessing the extent to which sexology shaped people?s sexes elites is investigating the historiography on the subject and where this field stands Todd Early sexologists believed that their work was a fulfillment of their mission to e eliminate ignorance surrounding sex. In the preface to the first volume in Studies in the Psychology of Sex Haversack Ellis, the most prominent British sexologist, stated that a resolve Oslo WAY grew up within me: one main part of my lifework should be to make clear the problem s of sex . Sexologists believed that they were improving society and the first historians of sexology took this tale of progress at face value. These traditional histories entertain the not ion that sexology was a liberating force that gave the ignorant and sexually repressed people of England new knowledge about their bodies and desires. Edward Breeches argued in 1 969 the at no man alive or dead contributed more to Hanged than Haversack Ellis himself. 3 This b uilt on arguments from the asses, including those of Edward Glover who expressed the idea that the rise of objective science furthered the liberalizing of sexual attitudes. However, in the last for TTY years these conclusions have come under scrutiny from many scholars. They have been d smiled as acculturations tale* as Jeffrey Weeks insists, TTT is impossible to understand ND the impact of Ellis. H, Studies in the Psychology of Sex, Volvo. L: The Evolution of Modesty; The Phenol Ana of Sexual Periodicity: rd Authorities (Philadelphia, 1910, 3 Eden. , first 1899), p. Ii. Breeches. E, The Sex Researchers (Boston, 1 49. 4 Glover. E, Victorian Ideas of Sex in Ideas and Beliefs of the Victorians: A Historic Revaluation of the Victorian Age (London, 1949), up. 58364, p. 364. Sexology if we simply accept its own evaluation of its history. 5 These interpret taxation are limited because they only focus on intellectual developments in sexual knowledge an d do not examine the effects of geolo gical works on the people who read them. Surprisingly, BRB ocher notices this in saying that the impact of sex research was on attitudes, not behavior and there is little evidence for the latter-6 The sign efficient shift in the perception of sexology arrived with Michel Faculty s History of Sexuality (1976). Faculty rejected the repressive hypothesis which held that Victorian society was repressed: incapable of discussing or even thin king about the Nat ere of sex and sexual behavior because of a rigid commitment to a vision of respectability. Contrastingly, Faculty declares that there was a discursive explosion around the subject of sex. 7 By arguing that the Victorians did not live in a repressive society, Faculty claimed that the is society was not in need of liberating. Sexology was not an emancipating force; it was merely a new discourse, a new way of speaking about sex. Repression did not exist because there was a multiplicity of discourses within which sex could be spoken about demography, biology, p psychology, ethics, politics and entertainment among others-8 A discourse is a network of language GE, symbols and signs that produce a framework of knowledge; sexology was one system ammo Eng many that controlled sexual knowledge. Faculty pronounces that under the authority o f language Ex was taken charge of -sexology was not a form of liberation but an exercise of oppression. 9 It tied sexual knowledge into the power relations of the institutions established to promote and 5 Weeks. J, Sexuality and Its Discontents: Meanings, Myths and Modern Sexualities (London, 1985), p. 72. Breeches, Researchers , p. 319. 7 Faculty. M, The History of Sexuality: Volume One (Paris, 1976), p. 17. 8 Ibid. , p. 33. Ibid. , p. 20. 6 disseminate the new science. As in many other fields, Faculty undermined t rotational visions of progress. These knowledgeable theories and the linguistic construction of sexuality in flounced the writing Of many feminist scholars. Margaret Jackson and Sheila Jeffrey, in flounced by secondhand feminism and the social context of their time, believed sexology was a misogynistic tool of the patriarchy. 10 Many feminist campaigns at the end of the nineteenth h and beginning of the twentieth centuries fought against the double standard which assumed the at men had uncontrollable natural sexual urges that needed to be satisfied, yet prostitute s were blamed for the spread of venereal disease. Jackson emphasizes that the question of what was natural was central to this debate: The development of sexology undermined these attempts [of early feminists] y declaring that those aspects of male sexuality and heterosexuality which feminists viewed a s social and political were in fact natural , and by constructing a scientific model of sexuality on that basis. 1 1 According to feminist interpretation, women in Ellis Studies are portrayed as being sexually dependent on men. Despite the fact that Ellis declared himself to be an advocate for womens erotic rights, there is no place for female sexual autonomy in his m Del Of sexuality. 12 Through sexology, sexuality was removed from the political arena and put UN deer the protection f science, in precisely the era of European history when science was most as ascendant as the unchallengeable and objective authority in all things. 1 3 Although Jackson and Jeffrey present 10 Jackson. M, Facts of life or the eradication of womens oppression? In The Cultural Construction of Sexuality Capitan. P (deed. ) (London, 1987), up. 5281; Jeffrey. S, The Spinster and Her Enemies (London, 1985). 11 Jackson, Facts Of life, p. 55. 12 Ibid. 13 , p. 56. , p. 76. Very strong cases for their analysis of these sex manuals, they are governed by their own political agenda and run the danger of oversimplification. In fact, women played a sign efficient role in the development of sexology. A few groundbreaking sexologists were women and many male sexologists were in correspondence with women, using their experiences as e evidence. Although the sex manuals may not meet modern knowledge of sexuality, we must cons eider how people at the time understood and experienced them. They had many purposes, many readerships and many diverse effects: a responsible historical study must be careful not to PRI village any single vision Of their role. Parker and Agony note this complexity no matter how much we now incisive these doctrines as new forms of oppression and domination, the ref remorse and radicals of the times experienced them as liberating. 14 Since the asses many more studies have embarked on a project to relate disc ours to experience. Faculty is extremely useful for historians, although he has been criticized for underestimating the role of human agency. This has resulted in a reaction cap turned by the phrase the return to the body. Robert Nee expresses this key issue in saying that the e question is, are bodies and their pleasures independent of the ways that language characterize s them, or do we require linguistic and cultural representation to prompt and interpret bodily e experience? 15 Many historians are calling for a study Of sexuality that includes society and biology, discourse and experience, ideas and the materiality of the body. 6 14 Agony. J. H and Parker. R. G, Conceiving Sexuality in Conceiving Sexuality: Approaches to Sex Research inn Postmodern World , Parker. R. G and Agony. J. H (des. ) (London, 1995), up. 416, p. 5. 15 Nee. R, Introduction: On Why History Is So Important to an Understanding of Human Sexuality in Sexuality , Nee. R (deed. (Oxford, 1999), up. 315, p. 7. 16 Liqueur. T, Making Se x: Body and Gender from the Greeks to Freud (Cambridge, 1990); Porter. R and Hall. L, The Facts of Life: The Creation of Sexual Knowledge in Britain, 16501950 (London, 1995); Waters. C, Sexology in Palaver Advances in the Modern History of Sexuality , Socks. H. G and Holbrook. M (des. ) (New York, 2006), up. 41 63; Weeks. J, Making Sexual History (Cambridge, 2000). In order to understand the society in which these sex manuals emerged, the first chapter of this dissertation analyses the social, political and cultural context by looking at the professionalisms of science, the increasing realization of society own ignore once, and the attempts to remedy this in terms of sexology, eugenics, but also in a compete Eng vision of sexual understanding: the ears erotica . This epistemological competition eventually established a hierarchy in forms of sexual knowledge, with the vision of the sexologists case andante. The second chapter will consider the sex manuals themselves: their contents, the agenda of their authors and their reception by the press. It will develop the focus Of chapter one in explore Eng what kind of knowledge sexual knowledge was seen to be, whether scientific, practical, MO oral, aesthetic or spiritual. The last chapter will explore wider experiences of sexuality, relating these back to whether sexology played any part in constructing peoples sexual identities, at attitudes and behavior. It will also investigate the popularization of geological ideas in the e form of sex education and the dissemination of ideas from adults to children. This dessert action will therefore offer insight into the contemporary impact, significance and meaning of sex manuals, demonstrating how the process of creating sexual knowledge affected the pee pled who read them. Chapter One: Scientist Sexual Vs. Ears Erotica: Knowing Ignorance in the Late Nineteenth Century The end of the nineteenth century saw the emergence of sexology and the pr deduction of a great number of sex manuals. That sexology developed at this time is no coincidence e, but was in keeping with a range of social, cultural and political developments that combo Ned to facilitate this new field of analysis. The production of sex and manuals boomed in the interwar period; however, it is the decades before this with which I am concerned. Historians have tended to writ et about the 1 sass ND ass, ignoring the prior development of the genre. The 1 sass are a key De cede because Charles Darnings book, The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex (1 871), demonstrated the importance of reproduction to evolution, allowing sex to b come a subject of science. 17 Darnings writings about reproduction and sex influenced the ideas of later sexologists, including one of the most famous, Haversack Ellis. This chapter will tackle the importance Of this development asking why, in the cultural milieu of the asses, making sex science Tiffin was a precondition of its emergence as a suitable topic for discussion. This was the heyday of scientist, the assumption that the scientific method was the only real way of knowing. In order to understand this phenomenon we must turn our attention to the world of s science in general. Earlynineteenthcentury British science had a marginal status, eclipsed by the prestige Of the humanities; however, by the end of the century the sciences had become one of the most authoritative voices in the arena of knowledge.

AP Euro Final Exam - What to Do to Improve Your AP European Final

AP Euro Final Exam - What to Do to Improve Your AP European FinalOne of the best ways to improve your AP European Exam is to create an essay sample. This allows you to see where you are making mistakes and how you can correct them.If you have never written English before, it can be hard. However, once you get the hang of it, writing for this subject is easy. You will want to focus on two things, sentence structure and grammar. In order to complete an AP European final, you will need to focus on these two aspects, as well as improve your writing skills.Writing sentences is something that everyone knows how to do. However, most people tend to overuse adjectives and adverbs. While it is important to keep these words in your essay, there are many times when you do not need to use them. For example, a good first line for a college essay would be something like 'The student decided to go back to school after he had a bad experience while at home with his parents.' Using such words will hel p you express your opinion and change it into a more positive one.The next aspect that needs to be addressed is your grammar. You can save your essay for later, but a lot of people make errors when they first write. Instead of saying something like 'It was at the end of the day that the student decided to go back to school,' you should say something like 'The student decided to go back to school because he wanted to earn an extra income.' This is not only easier to read, but it will also help you in the exam. A final note is that you should avoid using slang.After you are done writing your essay, you will want to get it published. To help ensure that you have the best AP English exam, you may want to pay someone to proofread your work. It is also important to edit your work to make sure it is grammatically correct.As you study for your final exam, there are a few things that you will want to remember. For example, you should avoid making grammatical errors, as it will negatively aff ect your final grade. Also, focus on what you have studied, as well as any resources that you have, such as books and websites.These are just a few tips that you will want to remember when preparing for your final exam. With proper preparation, you will be able to do better than you ever imagined.